Early River Civilizations Essay Example for Free

Early River Civilizations Essay Old stream human advancements in the Mediterranean just as Central and South America signify a portion of the world’s first civic establishments. The Phoenician’s human advancement was established in what is presently Lebanon, Syria, and parts of northern Africa, the Chavin society created around cutting edge Peru where the Mosna and huachescsa waterways consolidate. The Phoenician progress made their general public around 1100 B. C. E and the Chavin human advancement was built up around from 900 B. C. E. The Phoenician and the Chavin demonstrated numerous similitudes and contrasts in the parts of innovative progressions, financial aspects, and social conduct. The Chavin and the Phoenician showed a bigger number of contrasts than likenesses as a result of their gigantically various grounds. The Phoenician and the Chavin both are acclaimed for their advancements that left an effect on the world. Anyway the manner in which they affected the world was extraordinary. The Chavin were inventive individuals particularly in engineering and metallurgy. They made frameworks to convey water huge spans, and had the option to utilize the water to flood their harvests. They additionally utilized their structural capacities to maintain a strategic distance from certain underground sanctuaries from being overflowed by making trenches to go about as a seepage framework. The Chavin likewise were a portion of the first to soften metals for patching and gold work. The Phoenicians then again left a very different inheritance for the world. Rather than the water system and metallurgy the Phoenicians were the first to utilize letters for setting up accounts rather than pictures. The Phoenician letters in order didn't have any vowels however it in the long run was consolidated into the Greek letter set, and Roman letters in order which was adjusted to different dialects, for example, English. Financially, the Phoenicians were fit as a fiddle than the Chavin. The Chavin were in no way, shape or form in a bad way, yet the Phoenicians exceeded expectations at financial aspects. The port city of Tire, thrived incredibly in light of the fact that the Phoenicians went via ocean sending out wood, wine, fish, and textures/shading colors, which prompted the Phoenician culture becoming very affluent. The Chavin then again, didn't send out products by means of the ocean, they rather put resources into transportation, making ways and extensions over waterways with the goal for them to have the option to exchange their fundamental fare llama meat. The social parts of the two stream civic establishments were more different than most parts of life. The chavin individuals trained llamas and utilized them in the same number of was as they could, for the most part for movement and exchange. They additionally made numerous incredible strict focuses and were extremely masterful, making intensive artistic creations and models. At Chavin, shamans were the ones who had divine associations and authority in the progress while the Phoenicians had lords to administer them. Another significant distinction is that the Phoenicians, in their little district, utilized unions with bigger civic establishments like Persia to keep up opportunity while the Chavin had encompassing social orders appreciated the Chavin and even attempted to emulate their ways. The old waterway civic establishments, Chavin and Phoenician presentation numerous similarties and contrasts in their mechanical headways, financial matters, and social practices. Since the Phoenicians went by the oceans and had port urban communities they exceeded expectations all the more monetarily while the Chavin were progressively creative. The Phoenicians made a letters in order while the Chavin trained creatures, made water system, and worked metallurgy. Phoenicians sent out numerous merchandise and got rich and the Chavin made a trip on artificial ways to exchange llama meat. Shamans affected the Chavin and lords controlled the Phoenicians. . Because of their enormously various areas the two antiquated stream civic establishments showed a bigger number of contrasts than likenesses.

Hamlet, Fortinbras, Laertes †Revenge Essay

One of the superseding subjects of William Shakespeare’s Hamlet is the uselessness of retribution. The most evident emphasis on retribution in the play is that of Hamlet himself who tries to right an inappropriate of the homicide of his dad by Claudius. Both Laertes and Fortinbras are additionally out to look for retribution. All of the three oldest children made them thing in like manner: they all needed retribution for a butchered father. In the time wherein this play is set, avenging the homicide of a dad was a piece of one’s respect, and it must be finished. The entirety of the three children swore retaliation, and afterward acted towards seeking retribution for the passings of their dads. Shakespeare shows how anger rises in a wide range of structures. Hamlet, Laertes, and Fortinbras breath life into the subject of vengeance, uncovering the multifaceted nature and lavishness of human sentiments. Hamlet’s strategy for vengeance is maybe the least fortunate technique for all. He invests a lot of energy pondering his moves and makes no prompt activity without premeditative idea. Hamlet’s response to the phantom changed after idea and this was his principle issue. His way to deal with accomplishing retribution was erroneous from the beginning. He thought and wanted to get Claudius at the ‘right’ time; he pardoned himself and prevailed upon himself with regards to why timings were wrong. Laertes has no requirement for retribution until Hamlet murders his dad, and he discovers that his sister is dead. It is therefore that he obliges the plan to execute Hamlet, anyway he wavers towards the end. His final words accuse Claudius; anyway Hamlet additionally bites the dust, thus his vengeance is finished. After Hamlet executes Polonius, Laertes faces a similar issue that Hamlet does †a killed father. However, Laertes’s response to his father’s demise is totally different from Hamlet’s reaction to updates on his own father’s murder. While Hamlet agonizes over the homicide for a significant part of the play, Laertes - makes quick move. He storms home from France when he hears the news, raises a horde of supporters, and attacks the royal residence. At that point he begins posing inquiries †in contrast to Hamlet, who poses a ton of inquiries before he at last gets around to avenging his father’s passing. Fortinbras’ retribution is driven by respect. He is a significant foil for Prince Hamlet, who has additionally lost a dad and now winds up looking for vengeance. Fortinbras wishes to recoup the domain that was lost when his dad kicked the bucket. Fortinbras feels that his father’s passing and loss of Norwegian land brings shame upon his dad and upon himself. Along these lines, he needs to recoup the land so as to recapture his family’s respect and the respect of the country. Fortinbras is additionally lowered by his father’s demise. He accepts that recapturing the region lost during the war will reestablish the noteworthy conditions in Norway that existed before the war. In any case, while Hamlet lounges around pondering life and demise, Fortinbras makes clear and prompt move by raising a military to recover Norway’s lost domains. In spite of the fact that his uncle (the present lord of Norway) occupies Fortinbras from assaulting Denmark, at long last, ruler Fortinbras takes the Danish seat. Hamlet, Laertes and Fortinbras look for retaliation for the vicious passings of their dads in various manners and for various reasons, however every one of the three demonstrations of retribution add to the subject that vengeance is at last a futile undertaking. Hamlet’s agonizing over the profound quality of the demonstration of vengeance stands separated from that of the other two men since he speaks to the happening to a progressively edified age. Merciless homicide of the sort that Laertes looks for isn't adequate to Hamlet; without a doubt he additionally looks for everlasting discipline. The retribution of Fortinbras is brought about by the longing to recapture a lost place that is known for little outcome, highlighting the topic of how vengeance can be ordered for the most silly of reasons. At last, the best technique for retribution was Fortinbras’. He didn't expect to utilize viciousness or relentless homicide but instead to look for what is his and bring back the rights and respect of his dad.

How to Choose the Topic of Your Essay

How to Choose the Topic of Your EssayWhen it comes to writing the essay question, one of the most important tools is a Questbridge Essay Sample. This tool is offered by Questbridge. It can be considered as a service that not only supplies a pre-tested essay question that is well covered in the test preparations but it also provides the source from where the question can be obtained.The Essay samples are well known essay question that is free and comes with the required tests. In fact, you can find the topics on this sample right at the website itself. This makes it very easy for the individual to choose the topic of the study materials since they will see the list of topics that are available on their site right at their own computer.Before selecting the topic of your essay, you need to consider the kind of essay that you want to write. Some topics are more appropriate than others and therefore, one has to select the right topic that is of interest to them. For example, an agricultur al company might like to write an essay about the regulations of foreign exchange rate. The topic of the essay question could be based on a particular industry or a topic that is more general and they can also make the choices based on their company's specialty.There are other ways on how to select the topic of your essay that may sound complicated but it does not have to be. The best way is to contact the experts or even the business owners that are offering the Questbridge Essay samples. They will be the ones who will give you some advice and suggestions about the topic you want to choose. You can also ask them what the best topics are because they will surely know about that topic since they themselves choose to write about it.Other than the method of choosing the essay question, another thing that you need to take into consideration is the format of the essay question. You need to prepare a document that is based on the format of the essay question. This will make it easier for you to study the whole topic that is necessary to get a perfect score. When you go through the essay samples, you will see that there are different formats but each of the formats has been properly researched to get a good essay question.Some of the topics on the essay samples can be categorized as technical and they require an individual who has a proper knowledge on the specific subject. You should not worry because the subjects that you will be studying will not be difficult to get a good score. The topic of the exam will be simple and easy to understand, which will allow you to easily study the subject and pass the tests. It is because there is no point of having to know complex subjects when it is not necessary.Another thing that you need to look into when it comes to the Essay samples is the question writing guidelines. Since there are some guidelines that are being used to make sure that the person writing the essay gets a good score. These guidelines have been studied and pr epared by the professional writers, so that the exam preparation will be done properly. These guidelines will help you in creating an outline and structure for your essay.When you prepare yourself for the essay question that you will be writing, it is very important that you do not skip anything and make sure that you read everything. When you read, you will learn a lot of tips on how to write the essay question and what the best things to include in it. When you are done reading, then it is now time for you to start learning how to write the essay question.

The Internet Of Things ( Iot ) - 1292 Words

Rochester Institute of Technology Real-Time and Embedded Systems SWEN 563 / CMPE 663 / EEEE 663 Graduate Paper Review Report ON â€Å"Efficient Embedded Learning for IoT Devices† Submitted by: Rohan N. Dhamdhere, rnd7528@g.rit.edu I. Introduction The Internet of Things (IoT) helps us sense meaningful data from the physical world. In recent years, its ability to sense the data has increased tremendously, which increases the prospects of IoT applications useful to humans. Machine learning will play a big part to help IoT derive sense from raw data and deliver useful information. A simple quantitative analysis is done on two broad categories of applications – a smart glass that uses a deep learning network to perform real time recognition on video stream that it captures, and a server cluster that trains the model associated with the deep network. The analysis showed differences between the computational capabilities of current systems and the needs levied by these application cases. The authors hypothesize that deep learning will be one of the important part of the computing platforms and will be extensively deployed. The Paper discusses the following potential procedures to improve the efficiency of deep learning for embedded computing systems – accelerators for deep learning, approximate computing and neuromorphic circuits based on emerging post-CMOS devices. II. Computational Challenges TheShow MoreRelatedThe Internet Of Things ( Iot )892 Words   |  4 PagesThe Internet of Things (IOT) The Internet of Things (IOT) is said to be the next new revolution after the mobile devices. IOT is simply a technology that allows the interconnection of billions of devices to each other so as to provide more intuitive insights. This works to help both individuals and companies revolutionize their data and make life better. According to Mayer-Schà ¶nberger Cukier, (2013), â€Å"the Internet of Things envisions a self-configuring and adaptive complex system made out of networksRead MoreThe Internet Of Things ( Iot )911 Words   |  4 PagesThe internet of things (IoT) is comparable to the internet in how it provides communication connections over a large area public network. The internet is used to connect people to each other using device connections to a main stream network. The IoT is currently a conceptual construct of a network system working as a conduit to serve as a direct line of communication for multiple electrical operated objects. In theory if an object has an on/o ff toggle switch, then the object will eventually be ableRead MoreThe Internet Of Things ( Iot And The Internet1141 Words   |  5 Pagessecurity, known as the internet of things (IoT), covers the boundaries of the net to include an extensive range of computing devices. Linking a wide array of IoT devices to the Internet presents many challenges. Due to the gathered data being exposed to a widespread amount of internet users, the main challenge is security. Most IoT devices on the market are low-tier and have limited functionality, because of this, many standard security strategies cannot be implemented to secure IoT systems. This leavesRead MoreThe Internet Of Things ( Iot )982 Words   |  4 Pagesinteract with the world around us. The Internet of Things (IoT) refers to the ability of physical objects to connect to the Internet and to send and receive data.Introduction The Internet of Things (IoT). The IoT concept is difficult to define precisely. IoT can be define as the network of physical objects are embedded with electronics, software, sensors, and network connectivity that enables these items to gather and exchange data. Another definition for IoT is interrelated computing devices, mechanicalRead MoreThe Internet Of Things ( Iot )1666 Words   |  7 PagesContents Internet of Things (IoT) 2 Definition 2 Introduction 2 Current State of IoT 2 Building Blocks 3 Marketing Challenges 4 Finding a receptive audience 4 Articulating the value 4 Getting the buyer up to speed 4 Marketing Strategies 5 Know the Customer 5 Sell the benefits 5 Expand Sales Touchpoints 5 Adopt a consultative approach 5 Conclusion †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦6 References †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦6 Internet of Things (IoT)Read MoreThe Internet Of Things ( Iot )1750 Words   |  7 PagesExecutive Summary The Internet of Things (IoT) is known for wearable gadgets such as the new Apple watch or fitness wearables such as Fitbit. Information is gathered from these devices and displayed on users’ computers and smartphones, to let consumers track such things as fitness. There are devices for the medical field to help patients track vital signs and have those transmitted to their doctors back at their offices. Rivera Goasduff (2014) suggest the Internet of Things (IoT) is forecast to reachRead MoreThe Internet Of Things ( Iot )1950 Words   |  8 PagesAbstract Abstract—The Internet of Things (IoT) is a next generation technology aiming to improve daily life by operating intelligent sensors, actuators and smart objects together. Massive deployment of sensors is taking place covering enormous applications such as healthcare, smart cities, smart grids, home automation, car safety†¦etc. The use of IoT shed light to the urgent need for applying the aspects of trust and security. On the other hand as IoT devices are considered resource constrained devicesRead MoreThe Internet Of Things ( Iot )2236 Words   |  9 Pagesâž ¢ Introduction to IoT â€Å"The Internet of Things(IoT) can be defined as physical objects that connect to the internet through embedded systems and sensors, interacting with it to generate meaningful results and convenience to the end-user community†.[1] âž ¢ Current state of affairs with regard to IoT According to research conducted by Cisco in 2013, it is estimated that the number of connected objects to reach approx. 50 billion in 2020 (or 2.7% of the total things in the world). [2] With a massive increaseRead MoreSurvey Of Security On Internet Of Things ( Iot ) Essay1742 Words   |  7 Pages Survey of Security in Internet Of Things(IoT) Jacquelyn Rapose School of Computing Clemson University Clemson, USA jrapose@g.clemson.edu Abstract— The Internet of Things (IoT) is a technology that has transformed our daily lives because of its distributed and ubiquitous nature. Security and privacy issues exist with the use of the IoT and must be addressed. In this paper, I discuss some of the security challenges that the IoT architecture has to address. I also compare the challenges that wereRead MoreTaking a Look at the Internet of Things (IoT)2143 Words   |  9 Pagesof the Internet as a set of connected computer devices is changed to a set of connected surrounding things of human’s living space, such as home appliances, machines, transportation, business storage, and goods etc. The number of things in the living space is larger than the number of world population. Research is going on how to make these things to communicate with each other like computer devices communicate through Internet. The communication among these things is referred as Internet of Things

Women s Rights Movement The Seneca Falls Convention Of...

During 1850, American society was catching fire in terms of influential women and men whom would set out to change history. Elizabeth Cady Stanton being denied entrance at a London Convention due to her gender inspired the Seneca Falls Convention of 1848, which discussed women s rights as well as introduce Sojourner Truth as a speaker. Sojourner accounted her life as a slave laborer, who could do any job better that a man, thus giving reason to why women should be treated equally to men rather than a subordinate. Fredrick Douglass, a former slave and eminent human rights leader in the abolition movement, was the first black citizen to hold a high U.S. government rank. Then there is Celia, a slave, whose story rattled America to its core through the raising of fundamental questions regarding a slave’s right to fight back against traumatizing years of abuse. Robert Newsroom and his family began their trek to Callaway County, Missouri during the early 1820’s due to over cropped lands of the east, and the hope for a better future do to prosperous rich lands with the potential to earn more than a satisfactory living. Shortly before moving Callaway County, Missouri had faced many political strides to obtain part ship in the Union. Missouri applied for admission into the union as a slave state in 1819- which Robert Newsom most certainly would have been aware of, thus leading the reader to believe that he was a supporter of slavery. Missouri at the time of 1819 proposed aShow MoreRelatedThe Impact On The Women s Suffrage Movement1339 Words   |  6 PagesWomen’s Suffrage Movement Of all the issues that were in the middle of reformation mid 1800’s, antislavery, education, intemperance, prison reform, and world peace, women’s rights was the most radical idea proposed. The Seneca Falls Convention of 1848 was a rally held by Elizabeth Cady Stanton with the common goal to eventually achieve equal rights among all citizens. Frederick Douglass, who became an acclaimed activist in the African American Equal Rights movement, accompanied the movement. Moreover,Read MoreMilestone Of Women s Rights Movement1736 Words   |  7 PagesMilestone of women’s rights movement The Seneca Falls Convention, which was held on July 19-20, 1848 in the Wesleyan Chapel in Seneca Falls, New York, was referred to as the first women’s right convention. It was the milestone in the entire movement of women’ rights, which has positive lofty significance for all the women in the world, because through this convention an organized women’s right movement was initiated in the United States. Many historians associated the Seneca Convention as part of ElizabethRead MoreThe Women s Rights Movement1547 Words   |  7 PagesFlorida SouthWestern State College The Women’s Rights Movement What was the significance of the Seneca Falls Convention on the Women’s Rights Movement? Jennifer Flores AMH2010 Mr. Stehlin 16 November 2015 The Women’s Rights Movement began in 1848 with the first assembly of women and men gathering to discuss the civil, social, and other conditions of women. The Seneca Falls Convention was the start of the women’s movement. The two women who organized this event were Lucretia Mott andRead MoreWomen s Rights Movement : Seneca Falls Convention1628 Words   |  7 Pages2014 Women’s Rights Movement: Seneca Falls Convention Before the 19th century women had no rights, no status and no voice. They were the property and identity of their husbands, and in a way women were barely seen as human beings, they were merely there to serve and bare children. Much started to change at the start of the 19th century in social and economic areas. These transformations changed the game and provided an opportunity for women to seize and finally raise their voices. Women started toRead MoreWomen s Rights Convention ( Seneca Falls )1287 Words   |  6 Pagesimpacts have women’s rights have had then and now? Women’s rights convention (Seneca Falls) has not only impacted women’s laws and rights but has also allowed women to take a stand in pursuing success for women’s lives. Back in the 1848 many women were disenfranchised because they had no rights. The world was very sexist. Only men has all the power. Many women decided to change this. What impact have women’s lives have had then and n ow? The women’s rights convention (Seneca Falls) has not only impactedRead MoreThe Road Of Equality Between Men And Women1645 Words   |  7 Pagesbetween men and women Women and men born in todays generation do not fully understand the struggle that woman had to sustain in the 1800s in order to gain the basic American civil right, which was to vote and obtaining equal rights. Elizabeth Cady Stanton, Lucretia Mott and other leaders such as Susan B. Anthony are important figures that impacted the way women are seen in the world to this day. They initiated and organized the first woman’s rights and woman’s suffrage movement in the U.S. StantonRead MoreWomen s Rights Of Women845 Words   |  4 PagesRights are declarations that allow people to live their lives with freedom equality and justice.Rights allow people to live freely without discrimination and dictatorship over the choices they make. But in 1800 and before, women did not have rights. Women were not free to do as they chose, but instead were expected to stay home and take care of children. They were refused rights to speak or go into politics or social problems.but on July 19, 1848, at Seneca Falls 300 people gathered toRead MoreEssay Seneca Falls937 Words   |  4 PagesSeneca Falls In the early 1800s, many of the women in the United States were plain and simple getting fed up with their lack of writes. Men had dominated everything in the past and they were still continuing to do so. Women were finally ready to come forward and voice their opinions about how men and women are created equal. It was now time for women to go out and become what ever they want to be and not have to worry about the fact that they are females. The Seneca Falls Convention wouldRead MoreThe Struggle For Women s Rights850 Words   |  4 PagesWomen Suffrage Throughout history, battles and wars have been fought to gain some type of rights or freedoms. In 1775, the American Revolutionary War was fought for independence; In 1865, the American Civil War was fought to end slavery. Although no wars were fought, many battles were waged for women s rights. The struggle for women s rights begin in the mid-late 1800s at a time when women were not allowed to vote or own property. Women, as with African-Americans, during this period were not recognizedRead MoreThe Women’S Rights Convention Took Place In Seneca Falls,1296 Words   |  6 PagesThe Women’s Rights Convention took place in Seneca Falls, New York 1848. This was the first ever women’s rights convention in the United States, and with almost 200 women in attendance. This convention was organized by Lucretia Mott and Elizabeth Kelly Stanton, who were both abolitionists that met at the 1840 World Anti-Slavery Convention in London. In 1848 at Elizabeth Stanton’s ho me near Seneca Falls, the two women, Mott and Stanton, were working with Martha Wright, Mary Ann McClintock and Jane

Being A Declaration Of The New Sharing Economy - 2063 Words

Intentions in partaking in the new sharing economy vary, which is not shocking given the assorted qualities of platforms and activities. A few members are drawn by the popularity or uniqueness of the platforms. It is, in any case, imperative to perceive that the uniqueness about which numerous participants (and uniqueness) talk can be a declaration of classism and prejudice. The obvious reasons are mainly to do with cost saving during a period of economic struggle, and sustaining the environment. On the other hand, of larger interest are the obvious reasons for sharing, which can be found in references to the timelessness of sharing, under the circumstance of that sharing is an activity that children do. The timelessness of sharing is implied when collaborative consumption is described as being â€Å"based on natural behavioural instincts around sharing and exchanging† (Botsman Rogers, 2010, p. 213). Therefore, sharing is not only a relic of past societies; such practices per sist to be more common in the working class, deprived, and marginal groups. The talk of novelty develops a false universalism that can distance to individuals who have kept up non-computerised sharing practices in their day by day lives. The sharing economy communities are not only for the young. The current stereotypical depiction of the sharing economy is that it is the space of tech-savvy, open-minded younger generations. However, it is factual that 35 of the 66 percent of people among global respondentsShow MoreRelatedThe Sharing Economy, Why People Participate For Collaborative Consumption1723 Words   |  7 Pages(Reference: The Sharing Economy, Why People Participate in Collaborative Consumption) The sharing economy has been growing significantly over the past couple of decades and has been taken a large sum of interest from investors across the world. The use of technology is crucial to sharing economy’s growth, for a larger scale and boost economic impact. The sharing economy is indeed a form of innovation that is more likely closer to a disruption. It is described as an emerging phenomenon in the economy drivenRead MoreThe Nile Is Unknown1219 Words   |  5 Pagesthe meaning of the texts, it is necessary to recognize the background of the source. The author of Hymn to the Nile is unknown, but a reader can conclude that the writer is most likely an Egyptian. The Egyptian praises the Nile for the purpose of sharing the wonders of the Nile. He presents his argument to the Egyptians in the form of a poetic praise or hymn, stating that the Nile is â€Å"the creator of all good things† and supplies food for them such as fish and crops. Upon reading the paper, two typesRead MoreOn The Run By Alice Goffman1718 Words   |  7 Pagesthey do run into more than often is over policing in their neighborhood. As they are disproportionately targeted for arrest to fill quotas, this constant behavior and events deemed as a norm (even little children play a game about cops catching and being overly aggressive to Black boys), hinders their process at advancing within American society. Systematic oppression against a minority group slows and puts racial tension progress at a standstill, as they are continued victims of larger forces. WhatRead MoreThe Slavery Of The United States897 Words   |  4 PagesAs the century drew to a close new innovations were being created every day. Things such as the cotton gin were being created and as industry grew so did the reliance of railroads for transportation, thus sparking a catalyst that could aid the work force. This was especially important for those living in the United States as it w as a relatively new, yet thriving country that was rapidly becoming an economic threat to countries that dominated the world for centuries. While the northern parts of theRead MoreNative Americans : An Independent Country And Many Other Valuable Way Of Life1293 Words   |  6 PagesPicture this, everyone wants the greatest country alive, and everyone is willing to fight for it. What would you do? Would you fight for what you want or would you let this opportunity slide bye? Throughout this essay I will be sharing with you how Native Americans were living in America before Europeans arrived, how Europeans began to settle the land, how America became an independent country and many other crucial things. Since America has such a rich history, America has a rich story to shareRead MoreThe Right Of Refugees From The Syrian Civil War1590 Words   |  7 Pages(Goldenziel 16). This treaty explains the principle of state sovereignty, outlining the notion that whatever happens within a nati on’s borders is up to that nation to decide on, which includes determining who should enter their country. The Universal Declaration of Human Rights drafted in 1948 by the United Nations states in Article 14, â€Å"Everyone has the right to seek and to enjoy in other countries asylum from persecution.† This was the first international document to officially recognize the human rightsRead MoreApec: Its Successes and Future Prospects1253 Words   |  6 Pagesmembers, including all the major economies of the region and some of the most dynamic, fastest growing economies in the world. Statistically, APEC members have a combined Gross Domestic Product of over $16 trillion and carry out 42% of world trade. Over the past few years, APECs role has grown in both depth and scope and now encompasses trade liberalization, business facilitation, economic and technical cooperation. Despite the differences in the levels of economy growth, there is a growing senseRead MoreThe Threat Of Global Warming988 Words   |  4 Pageshuman CO2 emissions and catastrophic global warming have been found, after nearly two decades of temperature stasis, to be in error,† writes Maurice Newman, chief business advisor to Australian Prime Minister Tony Abbott (Dunn). With this bold declaration, Australia thrust itself onto the international stage where it was widely criticized and condemned by the United Nations and environmental supporters worldwide. Already behind the world in climate change legislation, Australia quickly became theRead MoreHoneyland Manuka Honey1083 Words   |  5 Pagestheir market. For a small exporting business such as Honeyland, there will be difficulties in managing logistics. Leading supply chain practices and processes commonly reside with large retailers and manufacturers. They have and driven various economies of scale. They usually utilize technologies and large staffs of people and therefore, small businesses might have to compete with these large companies to get container space. As small businesses might need to export in smaller quantities such asRead MoreBehind The Sense And William Wells Brown Essay1272 Words   |  6 Pagesand assaulted by her owner. Brown was exposed to and experienced slavery among harsh widespread conditions. William worked as a house servant and field slave until he was hired out as an assistant the slave trader James Walker. While unhappy with being enslaved Brown, like many other slaves attempted to escape. After two failed attempts brown finally did escape and made his way for freedom. Assisted in his journey from Ohio to Canada by the Quaker Wells Brown, William adopted the man s names out

The RSA Glossary Definition Essay Sample free essay sample

The RSA Glossary definition is targeted at simplifying in clear footings. present constructs and enterprises by authorities in guaranting standard uniformity in its ordinance in sing policies. activities and counsel in pull offing its information security. The practical realisation of the commissariats looks hard to pattern in world. You require a common criterion for two variety meats that does non portion the same certificates. For illustration. the directive in the definition provides that. employees and contractors designation. as a standard to derive logical and physical entree must run into a common criterion. But the process seems Byzantine. Do they have the same certificates? This is problematic. The effort to harmonise the ordinance is applaudable. but it is non security cogent evidence. If the definition is concerned about â€Å"Secured and dependable signifiers of identification† . it should hold made shared certificates compulsory. But this is non the instance. Does this non do maltreatment of such privilege possible? . We will write a custom essay sample on The RSA Glossary Definition Essay Sample or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page In repairing clip frame within which the assorted authorities sections should follow may non be executable. a batch of factors may come to play which might do the realisation of the nonsubjective impossible. An bureau which started tardily within the stipulated four months following the judicial admission of the criterion may non hold quality plan to accomplish the criterion in eight months. The demand to accomplish harmoniousness is non negotiable but what happens in the event of failures from authorities sections to â€Å"ensure compliance† ? . Mention:hypertext transfer protocol: //www. rsa. com/glossary/

Frederick Douglass Narative Essays - Fiction, Style, Narratology

Frederick Douglass Narative Frederick Douglasss Narrative In Frederick Douglasss Narrative, Douglas himself narrates the novel using story telling to bring both the reader into the story, and the theme into focus. Through his narration, Douglass also uses narrative strategies like anecdotes, and plot twists. Even with it being a true story, Douglass brings the readers attention to a peak with these techniques making the story interesting and appealing. The most influential technique used by Douglass is story telling. He uses little stories, or stories-within-a-story, to make the reader pay attention. With descriptive tales of the plantations he worked on, the beatings and torture of slaves, and learning to read and write, he not only gets the attention of the readers, but he gets them to understand his point of view. For example at the beginning of the narrative Douglass tells a story of his aunt being beating, I have often been awakened at the dawn of day by the most heart-rendering shrieks of an own aunt of mine, (3). He goes on and gets even more graphic and descriptive, The louder she screamed, the harder he whipped; and where the blood ran fastest, there he whipped longest. (4). Also early in the novel, Douglass writes of the plantation he grew up on, There were no beds given the slaves, unless one coarse blanket be considered such, (6). Soon after being sold to Mr. and Mrs. Auld, he was taught the alphabet. He uses this exper ience to show to his audience that he is very literate despite his masters wishes, If you teach that nigger how to read there would be no keeping him, (20). So this story shows some more cruelty from his master. Just for reading he would be sold, which shows unfair treatment to the reader. Another similar technique used by Douglass very effectively is anecdotes. He uses anecdotes throughout the story to bring a humorous or interesting little side story into the readers minds. One good example of this is when he is talking about slave songs, I have often been utterly astonished, since I came to the north, to find persons who could speak of the singing, among slaves, as evidence of their contentment and happiness. (9). This shows the readers of his concerns by just adding a brief story in to interest the reader. Another good anecdote used by Douglass was with his move to Baltimore. She was going to give me a pair of trousers, which I should not put on unless I got all the off me. (17), this is a little story, nothing big in his life but he uses it to show an aspect of his move to Baltimore. Finally, he uses great plot twists to keep the reader on the edge of his toes. At the beginning of the novel you dont really know where he is going with the narrative. With some writers their use of foreshadowing, gives you the narrative 10 pages into it. Douglass however keeps the reader involved in the story because they need to think of what is next. This is shown when he gives no forewarning of his move into the Auld house. He starts chapter five (16) by telling of his treatment on Colonel Lloyds plantation right into I was probably between seven and eight years old when I left Colonel Lloyds plantation. These narrative techniques used by Douglass give the reader an in depth look into his life, and persuade the readers it was directed to in the north to join his abolitionist cause. The narrative is a great piece of literature, not only for his day, but for ours because we can learn so much about slavery from it. Book Reports

Samantha Srinivasan Essays - Friedrich Nietzsche, Free Essays

Samantha Srinivasan Essays - Friedrich Nietzsche, Free Essays Samantha Srinivasan Philosophy 101-01 Prof. Evans Dec. 16, 1998 Paper Assignment: Topic #3 Nietzsche is known as a philosopher who was very poetic in his writings. He used a real Persian prophet named Zarathustra, as his character within his philosophy. The way Plato used Socrates, Nietzsche used Zarathustra?s mouth to speak his philosophy. An example, how Nietzsche uses Zarathustra in his book is in the chapter entitled ? On the Tree on the Mountain.? Within this chapter, the story represents certain aspects that are important to Zarathustra (Nietzsche). The chapter begins, with Zarathustra noticing that a youth was avoiding him, but later encounters him in the mountains. The chapter further continues, with the fact that Zarathustra finally speaks to the youth and asks him why he is afraid. Zarathustra continues talking to the youth by telling him a parable about a tree that is waiting for something on the mountainside. The youth tries to confine with Zarathustra, and Zarathustra advises him to not give up his hope and freedom in life. This chapter clearly relates to the notion of the overman. In Zarathustra?s Prologue, when Zarathustra speaks to a crowd of people in a town who are waiting for a tightrope performance. He speaks to the people of the overman as the meaning of the earth. Zarathustra quotes,? Let your will say: the overman shall be the meaning of the earth!? Therefore, in this chapter of ? On the Tree on the Mountainside ? Zarathustra compares a tree waiting something from the earth because he speaks about how the tree keeps growing from the earth taller and taller each day. He also states that surely the tree is waiting for the first lighting, which signfly as waiting for the overman by giving your whole self. Zarathustra also stated how he beseeched his brothers and sisters to remain faithful to the earth, and to not believe those who speak of otherworldly hopes. In other words he is saying that the most dreadful thing is to go against the overman which then doesn?t make meaning of the earth. So in essence the youth represents those individuals who are at the break of being missed lead into a false dead God. Therefore, the tree also represents those individuals who are waiting for that special unfalsed God ,but they didn?t know what it was. Zarathustra advised the youth no matter what happens he should not lose his sense of freedom and hope because if he loses his determination than he was a lost soul. The youth also tells that Zarathustra that he is correct because he has longed and waited for something not knowing what it is. So Zarathustra?s advice means that yes we are searching for something, and our answer is in the earth, the overman. This chapter explains how Zarathustra was determined to bring the overman to everyone, and also explaining to the people that we are like the TREE who waits. Samantha Srinivasan Philosophy 101-01 Prof. Evans Dec. 16, 1998 Paper Assignment: Topic #3 Nietzsche is known as a philosopher who was very poetic in his writings. He used a real Persian prophet named Zarathustra, as his character within his philosophy. The way Plato used Socrates, Nietzsche used Zarathustra?s mouth to speak his philosophy. An example, how Nietzsche uses Zarathustra in his book is in the chapter entitled ? On the Tree on the Mountain.? Within this chapter, the story represents certain aspects that are important to Zarathustra (Nietzsche). The chapter begins, with Zarathustra noticing that a youth was avoiding him, but later encounters him in the mountains. The chapter further continues, with the fact that Zarathustra finally speaks to the youth and asks him why he is afraid. Zarathustra continues talking to the youth by telling him a parable about a tree that is waiting for something on the mountainside. The youth tries to confine with Zarathustra, and Zarathustra advises him to not give up his hope and freedom in life. This chapter clearly relates to the notion of the overman. In Zarathustra?s Prologue, when Zarathustra speaks to a crowd of people in a town who are waiting for a tightrope performance. He speaks to the people of the overman as the meaning of the earth. Zarathustra quotes,? Let your will say: the overman shall be

Henry V Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Henry V - Essay Example l as an understanding not only of the history of Henry V and how Englishmen generally felt about him but also of the period during which Shakespeare wrote this play reveals that he was entirely sincere in his attempts to honor the man who figures so prominently in the title and the play. The play chronicles the short reign of King Henry V, particularly as it pertains to his campaign in France and victory in Agincourt. This campaign is introduced as a means of the Archbishop of Canterbury and the Bishop of Ely to distract their young king from passing a new bill that would strip the church, and therefore themselves, of a great deal of the riches and lands they’ve been given by noblemen with no sons left to inherit. Henry himself is presented as having completely reformed himself from earlier plays when he used to hang out in low-class bars and is now presented as a towering Christian hero prince. â€Å"Hear him but reason in divinity, / And, all-admiring, with an inward wish, / You would desire the king were made a prelate; / Hear him debate of commonwealth affairs, / You would say it hath been all in his study; / List his discourse of war, and you shall hear / A fearful battle rend’red you in music† (38-44). The bulk of the play takes place as t he King marches his way through France and wins Agincourt as well as his future bride, Catherine of France. One of the claims that Shakespeare was making a parody of King Henry has been based on such speeches as can be found in Act 4, Scene 7 when Fluellen attempts to make a comparison between the King and Alexander the Great, based primarily upon the facts that they were both born in towns that start with the letter M and are both towns that have a river going through it. However, the care that Shakespeare took in writing the play illustrates the importance of the topic to him. â€Å"[Shakespeare] took its serious portions seriously and went beyond the existing theatrical versions of Henry’s career for his

Urban Issues in Canadian Cities Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Urban Issues in Canadian Cities - Essay Example Canada is a highly urbanized country, with the majority of its population being city centered in the world. The issues that Canadian cities face on an urban level are divided into three main categories social, economic and ecological. All these play a major role in the overall urban growth of the area. A good interlinked transport system is one of the most basic requirements of a good urban space. Since interaction is one of the most important factors to let the urban environment flourish, a nicely designed transportation system is the backbone of an urban environment. (Le Gates, 2009) There has been a greater increase in population in Canada after the year 1996. More people have started to move into the cities and hence the economic and social factors are changing too, there has been an increased demand. There are basic elements that define a good urban space, legibility, permeability, variety, robustness, richness and visual appropriation. Any urban space can be analyzed with respect to these elements. Keeping the Canadian Cities in the view, one can look into the urban space that is offered by these cities. First of all, let’s look into what these elements mean. Legibility is basically defined as the ease with which one can understand the layout of the space; this includes both the physical form and activity patterns. Permeability both visual and physical describes the level of penetration that an urban space offers. A good urban space usually has the higher level of legibility and permeability. Variety includes both the visual elements and the mixed land use that break the monotony of an urban space. Robustness is basically the quality of urban space that allows multiple uses of the same space, more or less appropriateness. Richness is the quality of build environment in the urban space, whereas the visual appropriateness means how the visual elements can add up to the other elements  of urban design. (Alto, 1993)

Societys True Nature Essay Example for Free

Societys True Nature Essay In Franz Kafkas enigmatic novel The Metamorphosis, Gregor Samsa lives the life of a bug. The traveling salesman awakens one morning to find himself incredulously transformed into a â€Å"monstrous vermin.† At First, Gregor is apathetic towards his â€Å"metamorphosis† and immediately begins describing his room and slight discomforts in great detail. At the same time, Gregor incessantly comments on unimportant aspects of his – almost dismissing the fact that he is now a cockroach. When his family starts knocking on his door, Gregor immediately begins conjuring scenarios in which he imagines that his family genuinely cares for him. This illusion is soon shattered after the reader is exposed to the true nature of the Samsas. Gregors metamorphosis symbolizes what he is and has always been in society – a cockroach. Through Gregors physical transformation, Kafka communicates that people are oblivious to how alienated they are from society and humanity in its entirety. First off, in The Metamorphosis, readers are immediately exposed to the absurd atmosphere Kafka has created when he describes how â€Å"Gregor Samsa woke up one morning from unsettling dreams †¦ [to find] himself transformed into a monstrous vermin† (1). At first glace this statement may sound normal, but after analyzing this and many other statements, it becomes apparent that Kafka has purposely placed the Samsas in an unreal environment. For example, in the sentence previously mentioned, the third-person narrator speaks casually of Gregors metamorphosis as if it were nothing. In his article, Johannes Pfeiffer says that Gregor â€Å"does not truly realize his new position in all its gravity† (55). Gregors inability to acknowledge his transformation might represent people and their apathy towards the more significant things in life. Throughout the story, the narration alternates between first and third person – suggesting that the narrator of the story constantly shifts from Gregor to an unknown entity. However, the baffling narration in The Metamorphosis is no mistake. Through this bizarre style of narration, Kafka brilliantly demonstrates how alienated people can be from themselves – for Gregor is alienated to the point where he must tell his story in a third-person perspective. Moreover, it has been speculated that society manipulates people by having certain ideals. As a result of his father being unemployed and his mother and sister not being able to work, Gregor is left with the burden of holding his family together by reluctantly taking a job as a salesman. The following excerpt describes the Samsas financial situation: In the course of the very first day his father explained the familys financial situation and prospects to both the mother and the sister. From the time he got up from the table to get some kind of receipt or notebook out of the little strongbox he had rescued from the collapse of his business five years before. . . In those days, Gregors sole concern had been to do everything his power to make the family forget as quickly as possible the business disaster which had plunged everyone into a state of despair (25). The excerpt is describing Gregor listening in on his family discuss the financial situation at hand. We learn that the Samsas massive debt is a result of Mr. Samsas failed business. Being the concerned son he has been brainwashed to become, Gregor – with good intention – took a myriad of jobs to appease his family and restore peace in the chaotic household the Samsas inhabit. The significance of this is that it identifies the reality people choose to live in – a reality where people abandon aspirations and conform to the desolate society that surrounds them. Lastly, Gregors transformation itself is ironic. A metamorphosis suggests ascension into a higher form; but in Gregors case, he has devolved into one of the most insignificant form that comes to mind – a cockroach. However, Gregors bug form is simply an illustration. After close analysis, it can be said that Gregors metamorphosis is his inner state surfacing into the physical world. With that said, one can come to the conclusion that Gregor has always been a bug and has been alienated from his family prior to his transformation. The Samsa family loses faith in Gregor recovering (as if they ever had any) and begins discarding remnants of his past. Gregor is addressed as â€Å"it† (Pfeiffer 55) later in the book when his family dehumanizes him. Reading about how Gregor and his family are so alienated from one another that they do not see it is powerful on its own, but seeing Kafkas message and understanding how people live in a world not too different from Gregors is a ha rsh truth that only a handful of people come to realize. All in all, Gregors metamorphosis symbolizes the alienation, which has always (and may always) exist. It is a powerful symbol that reveals how alienated people are from themselves and society in its entirety. After reading Kafkas The Metamorphosis, one cannot help but question whether his own life is real or a deviation that has spawned and thrived in the alienated society man has given birth to.

George Orwells 1984 and Today Essay -- Television 1984 Freedom Essays

George Orwell's 1984 and Today TV rots the senses in the head! It kills the imagination dead! It clogs and clutters up the mind! It makes a child so dull and blind. He can no longer understand a fantasy, A fairyland! His brain becomes as soft as cheese! His powers of thinking rust and freeze! An excerpt from Charlie and the Chocolate Factory, By Roald Dahl, 1964 When George Orwell’s epic novel 1984 was published in 1949 it opened the public’s imagination to a future world where privacy and freedom had no meaning. The year 1984 has come and gone and we generally believe ourselves to still live in â€Å"The Land of the Free;† however, as we now move into the 21st Century changes brought about by recent advances in technology have changed the way we live forever. Although these new developments have seamed to make everyday life more enjoyable, we must be cautious of the dangers that lie behind them for it is very possible that we are in fact living in a world more similar to that of 1984 than we would like to imagine. In 1949 when Orwell’s novel was published, television was a relatively new invention. Fewer than 10% of the United States households had a television set in them and at this time programming was limited to mainly news-oriented shows. Many people believed that television would never surpass radio as the chief means of mass communication; they could not have been more incorrect. Presently 98% of the households in the United States have one or more televisions in them. What once was regarded as a luxury item has become a staple appliance of the American household. Gone are the days of the three channel black and white programming of the early years; that has been replaced by digital flat screen televisions connected to satellite programming capable of receiving thousands of channels from around the world. Although televisions and television programming today differ from those of the telescreens in Orwell’s 1984, we are beginning to realize that the effects of television viewing may be the same as those of the telescreens. The telescreens in 1984 served two purposes, surveillance and mind control. Unlike the televisions of our present day, the telescreens in 1984 also served as a device constantly monitoring the citizen’s actions by means of an integrated camera and microphone in addition to broadcasting continuous p... ...her say to us â€Å"No, I’m sorry I can’t do that right now, I’m watching my show.† Americans have ceased to live their own lives and have practically become slaves to their televisions and the corporations that stand behind them. Unlike the citizens of Oceania, we are able to make our own decisions. We can turn off our televisions; we can live our own lives and make our own experiences. We can learn about and do practically anything we want. Most of us do not take advantage of this freedom. In fifty years when my generation has become grandparents, what stories will we have to tell our grandkids? Will they really want to hear about that episode of Friends that we loved so much? Will we really have any knowledge or experiences worthwhile to tell them? Perhaps it won’t even matter. Perhaps our grandkids will be too interested in what they are watching on television to even want to listen to us. Yes we live in the â€Å"Land of the Free,† but until we really start taking advantage our freedom to the fullest and pull ourselves away from the television we are no better off than the citizens of Oceania and the telescreens that surround them as they toil on in their non-eventful lives.

Informatie Management

Does Telework increase productivity? Assignment 2: The proposition Bachelor Thesis â€Å" Does Telework increase productivity† Erasmus University Rotterdam Boudewijn Schuitmaker348393bs Robin Kettenes335450rk Marlot Sep 337273ms Bachelor Thesis â€Å"Does Telework increase productivity† Erasmus University Rotterdam Team: Group 6 (BA-02-06) Assignment number: 9 Date: 13-06-2012 Disclaimer: â€Å"This document is written by Marlot Sep, Robin Kettenes and Boudewijn Schuitmaker, who declare that each of them takes responsibility for the full contents of the whole document.We declare that the text and the work presented in this document is original and that no sources other than mentioned in the text and its references have been used in creating it. RSM is only responsible for supervision of completion of the work but not for the contents. † Index Summary of the research proposal4 1. Preface6 2. Abstract7 3. Introduction8 4. Literature review12 5. Methods17 6. Results 19 7. Discussion26 Appendix28 Bibliography35 * Summary of the research proposal In this chapter a summary of the research proposal can be found. Summary| | Name instructor| Dhr. Nick van der Meulen| Team number| 6| Name student 1| Robin Kettenes|Name student 2| Boudewijn Schuitmaker| Name student 3| Marlot Sep| Proposition| Telework will lead to an increase in productivity| Focal unit| Employees who perform their work at other places than at the office itself, for at least one day a week| Theoretical domain| All employees who work at other places than at the office itself, for at least one day a week, in the Netherlands. | Concept 1 | Telework| Concept 2 | Employees’ Productivity| Type of relation | Causal| Minimum size of the effect for having managerial relevance| The minimal size of effect for having managerial relevance is 20 % increase of productivity. Typical parameter of effect size used in previous tests| Items scales difference in productivity means is used between t eleworkers and non-teleworkers. | Range of effect sizes obtained in the replication history| In the replication history on average an effect of productivity increase of 20% is measured by teleworking. (Newman, 1989), (Dubrin, 1991) and (Hartman, 1992)| Preferred research strategy| Longitudinal survey| Actual research strategy| Considering the research time (two months time) and the context of this research (a Bachelor thesis project) a cross-sectional survey is chosen. | Population that is surveyed, or from hich subjects are recruited| Population that is surveyed are executive employees of the department of Operations & Services of the organization of TNT Express Benelux in Houten, the Netherlands. The number of subjects is 22. | Expected pattern (or â€Å"hypothesis†)| The expected pattern for the hypothesis â€Å"teleworking will lead to more productivity† is a regression of 0. 20, meaning that an increase in teleworking will lead to an increase of 0. 20 in an amount of productivity. The expected pattern for the hypothesis â€Å"distraction will have a negative influence on the relation between teleworking and productivity† is a regression of -0. 0, meaning that an increase in distraction will lead to an decrease of 0. 20 in a amount of productivity, when teleworking. | Observed pattern| The observed pattern for the hypothesis â€Å"teleworking will lead to moreproductivity† is a negative relation with a regression beta score of -1,311,meaning that if the degree of teleworking increases with one unit, the productivity will decrease with 1,311. The observed pattern for the hypothesis â€Å"distraction will have a negative influence on the relation between teleworking and productivity† is a positive relation with a regression beta score of 0,188.Thus, for the increase of one unit distraction, the productivity will increase with 0,188. | Test result| Teleworking has a negative effect on productivity and distraction has a posit ive relation on productivity. | Non-response bias assessment (worst case analysis)| The number of missing cases is 5. The worst case analysis show that if the five respondents joined the survey, and where very different form the obtained ones, a positive effect of teleworking on productivity (2,775) and a negative effect of distraction on productivity (-0,173) could be found. Your contribution to what is known about the proposition| Our contribution to the proposition â€Å"Telework will lead to an increase in productivity† is that teleworking does not always lead a positive change in productivity such as suggested in many scientific articles. In our research a negative relation is found on productivity when teleworking. | Most important recommendation for further research| The most important recommendation is, in order to do a replication study, a longitudinal survey.The longitudinal survey enables the future researchers to measure the change in productivity that takes place at a later point in time when employees telework. In this research the measure of productivity towards teleworking is only done once. | Preface This bachelor thesis is written as part of our studies Business Administration at the Erasmus University Rotterdam. The main subject of this thesis is â€Å"Telework†. We selected this subject out of many other subjects because we wanted to write our thesis about a topical subject and teleworking has become a major hype in the last few years.Many businesses implement teleworking in their company for various reasons. So, is assumed that teleworking will lead to cost reduction, more productive employees and more satisfied employees. But, the main question is does telework provide all these benefits? In this thesis we will look at the effect of teleworking on the productivity of employees. Abstract The relation between teleworking and productivity is of critical concern for organizations that might be planning to implement teleworking o f for those who have already done.In this research the relation between teleworking and productivity is examined, controlling for age, gender and family status. The effect of distraction on the productivity of employees was also measured. A survey among 17 teleworkers at TNT express was conducted online to gather data. In result of different multiple regression analysis’, a negative impact of teleworking on productivity was discovered. Furthermore, a slight positive impact of distraction on productivity was found. The results look paradoxical, but there are several reasons to explain these results and shed a new light on the telework-productivity research.Introduction In the last few years there has been an increasing demand for flexible work and flexible organizations. The concept of teleworking offers a solution to this increasing demand. At this moment 20 to 30 million people in the U. S. currently work from home at least one day a week (Telework Research Network, 2011). I n the literature several definitions of telework are used. The most common definition of telework defines telework as work performed at home, a satellite office or other places than the office itself, to reduce commuting (Shin, 2000).There are several motives companies could have to adopt the concept of telework. Obvious motives are cost reduction and increased productivity. Additional benefits for teleworking employees are increased job satisfaction and a better work-life balance (Harpaz, 2002). In this thesis a proposition, regarding telework and productivity, will be tested. The proposition that will be tested is: â€Å"Telework will lead to an increase in productivity†. In general this means that this research measures if employees have a higher productivity if they telework, and thus have the opportunity to work besides the office, than if they are office-bound.The increase in productivity is often measured due the comparison of output produced by a given amount of input , often office hours. If the employee, who teleworks, uses exact the same time as an office-bound employee for a job, while delivering a greater amount of work, an increase in productivity due telework can be concluded. The first who formulated the concept of telework in 1973 was Jack M. Nilles from the University of Southern California, Los Angeles. He defined Teleworking as â€Å"any form of substitution of information technologies for work-related travel† (Madsen, 2003).The one clear motive for the expansion of teleworking, mentioned by Nilles, was the reduction of transportation congestion, particularly in overcrowded urban areas. Although these public benefits were not sufficient enough to implement teleworking. Economic benefits like cost reductions, space savings and reduced rental rates for office space ensured that companies were more likely to introduce the concept of teleworking. According to Nilles productivity will increase as a result of working harder and worki ng more hours per day, because of less distraction, interruptions and stress (Nillis, 1988).After Nilles formulated the proposition that telework increases productivity for the first time, it has often been examined. Some articles stated that telework increased productivity. For example at AT&T, a telecommunication company, telework increased productivity with almost 10 percent, according to AT&T's annual telework survey among 1,500 employees. Another example of increased productivity is IBM where 87 percent of the employees report that they believe that their productivity have increased significantly (Apgar, 1998).In fact several articles stated that the productivity of employees is higher when they work at home. Only one research shown a decrease in productivity. However this decrease was later followed by an increase of productivity (Bailey, 2002). Despite several articles have examined the relation between telework and productivity, it is dificult to measure productivity. Like m entioned earlier, productivity is based on the relation between input and output. There have been problems when measuring the productivity of today’s knowledge workers. First of all, most knowledge workers do not produce â€Å"units† per given period (e. . per hour, day or month). Because output is often measured in â€Å"units†, the productivity of knowledge workers is hard to measure. Secondly, there is not a direct correlation between units of labor and units of output for these knowledge workers. Extra input from one additional worker does not necessary lead to more output. The classic definition does not enable to measure knowledge workers’ productivity, certainly not when measuring besides the office (Gordon, 1997). In the research on the relation between telework and productivitity a number of methodological weaknesses have been discovered.Most studies use self-report suverys to collect data from teleworkers. These self-report surveys can result in false responses from teleworkers in their productivity evaluations. This so called self-response bias has not been taken into account in many productivity research. Data collection from both, teleworker and manager will be a better way to measure productivity. Next to that sample populations are selected under specific personality and task criterea, which could be related to a higher work motivation and therefore contributes to increased productivity.Another explanation for increased productivity could be the relegation of other tasks to office-bound employees. Higher productivity can also be explained by the increase in working hours, due less commuting (Shin, 2000). Due the difficulties of measuring productivity some articles falsly claim the fact that telework increase productivity. Like mentioned earlier, productivity measurement for knowledge workers has been a dilemma. In measuring input and output the term â€Å"productivity† is inadequate for knowledge workers.Theref ore this research measures â€Å"productivity† not only due the quantity of work, but due several concepts. The concepts used in this research to measure productivity are: quantity, quality, timeliness and multiple priorities. The questions how much can be done (quantity), how well it is done (quality), when it is done (timeliness) and how many things can be done at once (multiple priorities) are being covered. Using multiple concepts enables to put the quantity factor in the context of a bigger picture and not just simply focus on an increase in output (Gordon, 1997).As stated earlier, there are several definitions for teleworking. Most definitions focus on the fact that employees have the possibility to work everywhere and not as much on the fact that employees can work whenever they want. In this research the most common definition of Shin, Sheng and Higa will be used. Shin et al. defines telework as work performed at home, a satellite office or other places than the offic e itself, to reduce commuting (Shin, 2000). Figure 1 Causality Model The causality model of this thesis, shown in figure 1, consist of two concepts: teleworking and productivity.The independent concept in the causality model is teleworking and the dependent concept is productivity. The focal unit of this research theory is the entity of which the range of values of one or more variable attributes is explained by the theory (Hak, 2011). The focal unit consists of employees who perform their work at other places than at the office itself, for at least one day a week. The minimum number of days teleworkers work besides the office is chosen because several instances use this minimum, like the Telework Research Network.The national average number of days a teleworker works besides the office is 2,4 days a week (Telework Research Network, 2011). The productivity of teleworkers is measured due the comparison of their productivity when working besides the office and when working at the offi ce. There is not chosen for the comparison of the productivity of teleworkers and office bound employees, because this is not valid. The variation in productivity between teleworkers and office-bound employees should not necessarily come from teleworking, but can be explained by several other factors for instance by personal ifferences. The theoretical domain of this research, the universe of instances of the focal unit, consist of all employees who work at other places than at the office itself, for at least one day a week, in the Netherlands. Literature review After Nilles claimed that productivity increased as a result of teleworking in 1973, it has often been examined. In 1982 Olson researched the effect of telework on productivity. Although there were no measures of performance data, employees and managers pronounced that teleworkers are more productive than office-bound employees.The study also revealed that teleworkers are more responsible and conscientious about schedules, h ad better documentation and scheduled their time better. Employees felt that they worked more efficiently or produced higher quality work, when working at home. Few employees found the office very distracting and therefore could be more productive at home (Olson, 1982). This results are consistent with Olson’s later longitudinal study of three pilot teleworking programs, which revealed that teleworkers believed that their performance was enhanced due teleworking (Olson, 1989).In 1989 Bailyn also researched the effect of telework on productivity among 89 system developers, including 49 teleworkers. More than a quarter of the software developers reported that their most productive work times fell out of the traditional office days. Bailyn assigned this productivity increase to the fact that teleworkers have individual control over time and the ability to allocate work over all time periods, including the weekends. The survey also indicated that employees needed quiet and privac y to be productive (Bailyn, 1989).Bailyn also noted that only tasks that do not require extensive interaction will benefit from teleworking (Bailyn, 1988). One year later Newman stated that teleworking is ideally for those whose jobs require them to handle a flow of information, like programmers, engineers, speechwriters and business analysts. The personality of the teleworker must include being capable of handling autonomy. According to Newman, experienced workers make the best candidates for teleworking. Similar to Olson, Newman stated that the work-at-home programs often result in increased output from staff, naming eing less distracted meant being more productive. In Newman’s study at the Travelers Insurance Company productivity increased with 20 percent. Despite of the increased productivity, limiting the geographic boundaries of the company’s hiring pool due offering work-at-home arrangements to employees was the prime reason for teleworking (Newman, 1989). In Du brin’s research the reasons for teleworking were to solve staffing, space, and other business problems including keeping motivated employees away from the distractions of other workers (McKee, 1988).According to Dubrin an implicit assumption about teleworking programs is that employees who work at home will be equally more productive that office-bound employees. Dubrin’s observation of company records suggests that home workers increased their productivity from 5 to 100 percent (Dubrin, 1991). Dubrin tested the hypothesis â€Å" telecommuters are more productive than are employees performing comparable work on company premises† among employees of the NPD Group. The participants in this research were mainly women.The fact that only women are represented in Dublin’s studies makes it difficult to separate findings between males and females. The degree of distraction was measured due different statements in the questionnaires. The questionnaire items ‘B eing able to keep busy all the time’ show that telework has a positive influence on the productivity. The work-at-home group scored significantly higher (13. 81) than the group in-house workers (6. 36) at the t-value of 4. 20. The research found that productivity was increased by 30% when projects were moved from company premises to homes.The productivity was measured in transactions per hour, occurred when a project was shifted from in-house to at-home. The results are consistent with findings of Newman. In Dubrin’s research the productivity findings showed that people who worked at home part-time are more productive than those who worked at home full-time. It is concluded that productivity increases when work is structured, repetitive and measurable. In order to conclude evidence that telecommuting increases productivity, it is necessary to move in-house workers into their homes and then measure the productivity changing (Dubrin, 1991).Accoring to Frolick, Wilkes, Ur wiler productivity is expected to increase when teleworkers work according to a flexible schedule in an informal setting. The question whether telecommuters are more productive than office-bound employees was researched in a semi-structured telephone interview among 45 individuals in 10 organizations. The average time that each of the interviewees had spent in the telework programs was 2,3 years. The results of the interviews revealed that every teleworker and every telework manager reported that productivity had increased as a result of their telecommuting programs.In each case the respondents stated that teleworker productivity was higher than the productivity of office-bound employees. The average increase of productivity was approximately 20 percent. This result is consistent with other researches like Niles 1990 (Frolick, 1993). Frolick et al. attributed this productivity increase to lack of interruption and the ability of the teleworker to schedule his or her work in a flexibl e manner. In this study all the teleworkers cited ‘fewer interruptions’ as a contributing factor to their productivity and 17 of them cited ‘greater flexibility’ in performing their jobs (Frolick, 1993).Hartman, Stoner and Arora noticed two fundamental problems in the previous study, namely an extraordinary small sample size and maintaining a broad, non restrictive definition of telecommuting that leads to clouded outcomes and conclusions. In their study telecommuters were selected from 11 different organizations, both public and private, including telecommunications, insurance, banking, publishing, and city an state governmental units. The research was done due a self-report survey among 262 telecommuters.Telecommuting productivity was measured by the respondent’s feeling about how the output per hour was changed, working at the office versus working at home. An overwhelming 84 % reported that productivity was increase while working at home, 12 % re ported no change and just 4% reported a lower productivity. Hartman recognized that the self-reported perceptions of comparative productivity might be biased, but the outcomes were consistent with the productivity increase in other studies (Hamilton, 1987)(Moody, 1986). Neufeld and Fang focused on the influence of distraction, gender and family status on teleworker’s productivity.Their research assumed that gender and family status (defined as social factors) are negatively correlated with teleworker productivity. When working at home, the family status is important because family is often around. Therefore they may have a large effect on the teleworkers, and their productivity. The results of the study are obtained by semi-structured interview. For measuring the social factors, direct questions are used (such as do you have children at home? ). For measuring distraction, questions are used like; is your environment distraction free?The results showed that teleworker producti vity is not associated with family status and gender, but on the other hand, a distraction free environment was associated with teleworker productivity (Neufeld, 2005). Another study of Derrick J. Neufeld, which examined productivity among four different kinds of organizations, showed that claims of a higher productivity correlated to teleworking are overblown. In this study, productivity is measured among 200 Canadian employees, and the results show that the increase in productivity is statistically insignificant.Cynics predicted that distractions from working at home will reduce productivity. But despite these distractions, productivity is not reduced, but slightly increased. This study of Neufeld shows that teleworking is significantly more correlated with organizational flexibility than with productivity (Cassiani, 2000). Kelley Butler also looked at the relation between distraction and teleworker productivity. Butler stated that the top 6 distractions, while working at home, ar e household chores, television, pets, errands, internet and children.The data was collected from a CareerBuilder survey. Some of the teleworkers (17%) was so distracted by these factors, that the distraction costs one hour of their working hours (Butler, 2011). Thompson, Vivien and Lim examined the differences in gender on the perception of teleworking. Their data was collected from a questionnaire survey among IT professionals in Singapore. Results showed that males perceived that teleworking improved the quality of life and their productivity in a greater extent than females.Also, in this research productivity increases while teleworking, because an employee can plan the work schedule during the hours when one is most productive. But on the other hand, the study also shows that distractions at home may be harder to solve than distractions at the office. An analysis of the covariance was used to measure the difference between gender, and the relation to the advantages and disadvant ages of teleworking. The results show that there is no significant difference in gender (Thompson, 1998). Author| Literature effect found|Olson, 1983| Preliminary evidence from the exploratory study shows that individuals can be as or more productive when working at home| Olson, 1988| Telecommuting experts and practitioners regularly cite at-home productivity gains ranging from 15-25%| Newman, 1989| Work-at-home programs often result in increased output from staff| Newman, 1989| The Travelers Insurance Company productivity increased with 20 percent among 80 commuting staff| Di Martino, 1990| A two-year pilot project (†¦ ) reported productivity gains averaging 43 per cent per participant.Teleworkers (†¦) noted productivity increases varying from 12 per cent to 20 per cent. State employees working at home have been rated (†¦) as 3 to 5 per cent more effective than they would have been if they worked from nine to five in the office. | Dubrin, 1991| Productivity was incre ased by 30% when projects were moved from company premises to homes| Dubrin, 1991| Observation of company records suggests that home workers increased their productivity from 5 to 100 per cent| Hartman, 1991| A significant negative correlation between the ratio of telecommuting hours to total work hours and telecommuting productivity was revealed. Hartman, 1991| The full-time employed telecommuters reported higher levels of productivity (3. 59) in comparison with part-time employed telecommuters (2. 65). | Hartman, 1992| Telecommuters were asked whether they felt their productivity (output per hour) at home was higher or lower than at the office. An overwhelming percentage (84%) reported higher productivity while working at home, only 4 % of the telecommuters reported lower productivity, and 12 % reported no change. Frolick, 1993| The findings indicate a significant increase in productivity (20%) among teleworkers| Apgar, 1998| 87 per cent of employees (†¦) report that they bel ieve their productivity and effectiveness have increased significantly| Baruch, 2000| How teleworking influences the way people work after opting to telework were examined (†¦).Compared with previous arrangements of work effectiveness 34 per cent and 42 per cent felt it was much better or better (respectively), totaling a positive impact for 76 per cent, with just 5 per cent suggesting no difference and 3 per cent worse. | Pearlson, 2001| A survey in 2001 of 150 executives in large U. S. companies found that 36 percent saw no difference in productivity levels between telecommuters and onsite employees, while 26 percent felt that telecommuting could compromise job performance| Table 1 Reported effect sized of the effect of Teleworking on ProductivityAuthor| Effect| Olson, 1983| Some of the individuals interviewed cited problems with motivation and numerous distractions at home that made concentration difficult| Newman, 1989| Work-at-home programs often result in increased output from staff, naming being less distracted meant being more productive| Hartman, 1991| Family disruptions and their association with telecommuting productivity and satisfaction, the correlation with productivity is -. 20 (p = . 06). Frolick, 1993| Most claims of productivity to date have been attributed to a lack of interruption and the ability of the teleworker to schedule his or her work in a flexible manner. | Baruch, 2000| Better performance was attributed mostly to the elimination of distractions, which are typical at the workplace and subsequently the ability to focus on work. | Young Lee, 2005| The results indicated no significant effect of perceived distractions on perceived performance| Wilson, 2004| Could be more productive without such ‘distractions’. Fonner, 2010| Results show that working remotely the majority of the time alleviates forms of stress and distraction including acting as a buffer from workplace injustice which may provide a more productive and s atisfying work environment| Table 2 Reported effect sized of the effect of Distraction on Productivity Methods The research strategy is to test the proposition that assumed that teleworking will lead to an increase of productivity. The replication history research has indicated that this theory has empirically been confirmed for various populations.If the proposition is true in the domain, then it must be true for the population in the domain. In order to claim whether a proposition is true, empirical evidence is required to show its correctness. This research deduces a hypotheses regarding teleworking, distraction and increasing productivity by an empirical research. Ideally a causal relationship between teleworking, distraction and productivity is measured in a longitudinal survey. The longitudinal survey is defined as a research strategy in which a change in value of the relevant concepts is observed in all members (or in samples) of a population of instances of a focal unit.In a longitudinal survey it is possible to find a population of comparable cases in the theoretical domain in which the value of teleworking (named here as variable X) has changed over time. A causal relation â€Å"X influences Y† (variable Y is employees’ productivity) is observed in the cases, if the value of Y has changed after the change of value X. Considering the research time (two months) and the context of this research (a bachelor thesis), this research uses a cross-sectional design to measure the relationship between teleworking, distraction and employees’ productivity.A scatter plot is a useful tool to show a possible correctness of the proposition. The cross-sectional design enables to concentrate on variations of cases within one particular population. In this research the population is a department within an organisation. The population consists of all executive employees of the department Process ; Policies of TNT Express Benelux in Houten, the Nether lands. The number of employees/cases is 22. #| Name employee:| | | | | 1| Bert Schut | 14| Koos Jansen | 2| Corne Vroegh | 15| Marielle Sitskoorn | | David Roofthoofd | 16| Marina Elegeert | 4| Erik van Duin| 17| Martijn Otte | 5| Geug Leendertse | 18| Maurice Hidma | 6| Guy Gevaers | 19| Mette Kok| 7| Harrie Dasselaar| 20| Michiel Bierman| 8| Henk Jansen | 21| Tessa Koster | 9| Jack Beks| 22| Thomas Goossens | 10| Jan Harmen Hietbrink| 11| Jef Kleinschmidt | 12| John Meisters| 13| John van Oeffel | Figure 2 Employees of the Process ; Policies department at TNT express In the cross-sectional research, qualitative and quantitative data of respondents is collected more or less simultaneously.The self-report survey will be sent out to all cases at the same moment and held during the same time of period. The independent variable (teleworking) is a quantitative variable measured in percentages. The other independent variable (distraction) is a qualitative variable, measured in likert sch ales with categories like: never, sometimes, regularly, often and always. Productivity is a qualitative variable. The controlling variables are gender, age and family status. Gender is divided into male and female (0=male and 1= female).Family status is measured in four different values, namely single, single with children, married or co-habiting, and married or co-habiting with children. The conceptual model of this research can be found in Figure 3. To test the five different hypothesis based on the conceptual model, a multiple regression analysis will be used. Figure 3 Conceptual Model The hypothesis concentrates on the relation between teleworking and the productivity. Assumed is that teleworking lead to an increase in productivity. This means that employees can do more work, do their work better, schedule their own work and do multiple things at once.The hypothesis is formulated as following: There is a positive relation between teleworking and productivity if the ? is ? 0,20. In the conceptual model age, gender, family status are taken into account as controlling variables. Gender could have an influence on productivity. Women, for example, are better in multitasking and could therefore have a higher score on â€Å"multiple priorities†, which influences the productivity. Family status could have an impact on distraction, therefore it is also used as controlling variable. This also accounts for age. The assumption is that lder employees are less productive compared to younger employees, which are more involved with technology. Two different regression analyses’ with different variables are plotted. * The variables teleworking / gender / distraction / age / family status in relation to productivity. (nain regression) * The variables teleworking / distraction in relation to productivity The main regression model is shown below: Productivity = ? + ? 1 Teleworking + ? 2 Gender + ? 3 Family status + ? 4 Age + ? 5 Distraction + ? ? ~ iin( 0, ? )Th e regression analysis will show which variable will have the highest influence on the dependent variable productivity, corrected for the influences of the other variables. The expectation is therefore that the beta of teleworking will be the highest in the model. Results The data in this research is collected due a self-report survey among employees of the Process ; Policies department of TNT Express Benelux. The self-report survey was conducted online on the Belgian website of â€Å"enquetemaken. be†. A textual version of this survey can be found in appendix 2.A link to this survey was send to the 22 employees of the department by mail. This research chose for an anonymous survey in order to ensure that respondents could be honest about their answers. This would secure the reliability of this survey. Besides that the interview was conducted in Dutch because all employees at TNT are Dutch. The employees filled in questions concerning telework and productivity. Several non-rel ated questions, concerning job satisfaction and work-life balance, were added in order to cover the real purpose of the research.In order to guarantee the reliability and validity of this research, the questions of the survey are based on questions used in other research. The productivity measurement is divided into four determents that are each tested individually. These four determents are quantity, quality, timeliness and multiple priorities (Gordon, 1997). Lee and Brand used questions like â€Å"Compared to my typical work right now, I would rate the quality of my work as† and â€Å"Compared to my typical performance right now, I would rate my job performance as† are being used.In the survey of this research four questions are used in order to measure work productivity. The exact questions can be found in the appendix. The questions in the survey concerning distraction, were like â€Å"How frequently are you unable to concentrate because of interruptions from your family? †. These questions were extended to other factors, like distractions from colleagues, phone calls/e-mails/texts, sounds and other factors (Neufeld, 2005). According to Young Lee ; J. L. Brand, is noise one of the main distractions (Lee et all, 2010). Therefore, we devoted one question on noise.Also, the question ‘I am easily distracted from my work’ is used in their research, which we decided to put in our own survey. In the article ‘from knowledge to distraction’, written by Jonathan Spira in 2007, is stated that knowledge workers are often distracted by e-mails, phonecalls, instant messages etc. For this reason, there is decided to investigate the amount of distractions by these influences in the survey. In this article, also is stated that ‘colleagues popping in’ might be a factor of distraction. This factor is also added to the survey.The last question regarding distraction, is about ‘other distractions’. This is to make sure that there are not any parts of distraction missed. The non-response bias of this survey was 22,7 percent. Five employees did not fill in the survey because they were not available in the two weeks the survey was online. If the non-response bias is very high it can effect the representativeness for the population. A data grid of the results of this survey can be found in table 4. A detailed calculation of the degree of productivity and distraction can be found in appendix 3.Total Work hours| Telework hours| Degree of distraction (1=low, 5=high)| Degree of Productivity (1=low, 5= high)| Gender (1=male, 0=female)| Age| Family status * | 40| 20| 3. 2| 4| 1| 58| 3| 50| 33| 3. 4| 3. 75| 1| 40| 1| 50| 30| 2. 4| 3. 5| 1| 53| 3| 42| 7| 2. 4| 3. 75| 1| 54| 3| 40| 5| 2. 4| 4. 5| 1| 48| 4| 50| 25| 2. 2| 4| 1| 44| 4| 40| 15| 2. 2| 3. 75| 0| 40| 4| 40| 25| 2| 3. 75| 1| 28| 3| 40| 32| 2. 4| 3. 5| 0| 32| 3| 40| 8| 3. 2| 4| 1| 42| 3| 45| 8| 2. 4| 4| 0| 32| 3| 40| 2| 2. 4| 3| 1| 32| 1| 45| 8| 2. 4| 3. 75| 1| 51| 4| 60| 36| 2. 6| 4| 1| 31| 3| 45| 8| 2. 6| 3. 5| 1| 36| 4| 45| 35| 3. 8| 4| 1| 38| 4| 50| 5| 2. | 4. 75| 1| 40| 3| 44. 82353| 17. 76471| 2. 623529| 3. 852941| -| 41. 11765| -| *= (1= single, 2=single with children, 3=married or co-habiting, 4= married or co-habiting with children)| Table 3 Data Grid of the survey at TNT Express The expected pattern Hypothesis 1: Teleworking will lead to more productivity The expected pattern for the first hypothesis â€Å"teleworking will lead to more productivity† is a regression of 0. 20, meaning that an increase of an hour teleworking will lead to an increase of 0. 20 in an amount of productivity. In the literature review several articles reported that teleworking increase productivity.However, there are also articles that claim a negative effect of teleworking on productivity. A summary of the reported effect sizes can be found in table 1 in the literature review section. The effect sizes of the relation betwee n teleworking and productivity, found in the literature, vary from a negative relation to a positive relation. The majority of effects are positive, which means that productivity was increased due to teleworking. Although the majority of effects were positive, the claimed productivity increase ranges from 5 % to 20 %, up to 100 %.There is one article by Hartman (1991) that claims a negative correlation between telecommuting and telecommuting productivity. Derived from the literature review the expected pattern, in which the hypothesis is true, is a regression coefficient of 0. 20 or more. This means that if the degree of teleworking increases with one hour, the productivity will increase with 0,20. The hypothesis 2: Distraction has a negative influence on productivity The second hypothesis is aimed at the independent variable distraction on the dependent variable productivity.The correlation is expected to be -0. 20, meaning that an increase of one unit distraction will have a decre ase of 0. 20 in the amount of productivity. In the literature several effects of distraction on productivity are found. A summary of the reporter effects can be found in table 2 in the literature review section. The effects found in the literature review suggest that distraction has a negative influence on productivity. The effects vary from no significant effect on performance to being more productive when distraction is eliminated.The expected effect of distraction on productivity is expected to be negative in this research. The correlation is expected to be -0. 20, meaning that an increase of one unit distraction will have a decrease of 0. 20 in the amount of productivity. The observed pattern Hypothesis 1: Teleworking will lead to more productivity The results of the main multiple regression analysis show that 26 per cent of the variance is declared by the model. The correlation between the observed and expected values of dependent variable is 0,509. In appendix 4 the SPSS outpu t of this research is shown.Surprisingly, the degree of teleworking has a negative influence on productivity. This can be interpreted by the beta of the quantity of teleworking, which is -1,311. This means that if the degree of teleworking increases with one hour, the productivity will decrease with 1,311. The hypothesis 2: Distraction has a negative influence on productivity Another surprising output is the influence of distraction on productivity, which has a beta of 0,188, where a negative beta is expected. Thus, for the increase of one unit distraction, the productivity will increase with 0,188.A partial regression analysis, without the controlling variables gender, age and family status, shows that there is a slight difference in the variance declared by the model and the correlation between the observed and expected values of the dependent variable. These figures fall to 0,259 and 0,067. The betas of the degree of teleworking and distraction fall to -1,287 and 0,148. For this reason, the controlling variables will be added to the other regression analyses. There are several ways to explain the surprising betas of teleworking and distraction.First of all, the results are based on the answers of only 17 respondents. In the partial regression plot (with the variables distraction and productivity) is clear that because of a few amount of outliners, the R2 linear is climbing a little. Without these outliers, there is a large possibility that the distraction beta will be negative, which was expected. Another explanation is that the employees of TNT express do not relate distraction to their productivity. They tend to give themselves a high overall score on productivity, regardless of the degree of distraction and teleworking.Another possibility is that the amount of distraction actually does not influence the productivity. Figure 4: The relation between distraction and productivity Because of the little number of respondents, the few outliers pull the mean of the productivity up. These respondents have a small quantity of teleworking, but tend to give themselves high scores on productivity. Therefore, the linear line of the quantity of teleworking is declining, where it would have been rising without these three outliners. This can be an explanation for the negative effect of teleworking on productivity.But on the other hand, it might be possible that the teleworking does have a negative effect on productivity. In a worst-case analysis, the five missing respondents could dramatically influence the results of the regression analysis. This would be, if the respondents all would score low on productivity and on high distraction (or vice versa), or if degree of teleworking among the employees is high and their productivity is high too (or vice versa). Figure 5: The relation between teleworking and productivityThe worst-case analysis of the effect of telework on productivity shows that, when the five missing respondents would have been very d ifferent from the ones obtained, there is a positive effect (2,775) of telework on productivity. This positive effect is shown in figure 6. This in contrast with the results of this research, without the missing five respondents, where a negative effect was discovered. If the five missing respondents participated in this research and were very different from the ones obtained they could have a drastic impact of the results of this research.The expected positive effect of telework on productivity could be discovered in this scenario. Figure 6: Worst-case analysis of the effect of telework on productivity The worst-case analysis of the effect of distraction on productivity shows that, when the five missing respondents would be very different from the ones obtained, there is a negative effect (-0,173) of distraction on productivity. The worst-case analysis is shown in figure 7. This negative effect corresponds to the expected effect of distraction on productivity, but not to the observ ed effect in this research.This means that if the five missing respondents participated in this research, the outcomes of this research could be dramatically different and the expected negative effect of distraction on productivity could be measured. Figure 7: Worst-case analysis of the effect of distraction on productivity Overall can be concluded that if the five missing respondents participated in this survey they could have changed the outcomes of this research dramatically. The expected effects of this research could be found when adding the five missing respondents.Discussion The test results found in the multiple regression analysis? , claim roughly that TNT express should increase the distraction among employees, and decrease the degree of teleworking. But, as shown in the results chapter, the results only show a slight negative relation. Which can be easily influenced by the missing data, as shown in the worst case scenario analysis?. Therefore, the results should be interp reted as if distraction does not have a high influence on the productivity of employees.There is not a valid relationship in the test results showing that distraction has a positive influence on productivity, because of the very low negative beta (as a result of the regression analysis’) and the possible influence of the missing values on the test results. The relationship between teleworking and productivity did show a large coherency. This large coherency was interpreted as if teleworking is not productive for TNT express. Thus, in this research, distraction is recommended and teleworking is discouraged.But it is recommended to keep in mind that the worst case scenario analysis’ (showing the missing values can turn around findings as much as possible) presume a positive influence of teleworking on productivity, and a negative influence of distraction on productivity. For further investigation it will be recommended to use more respondents, as much as possible. When m ore respondents are used, the results will be less influenced by outliers. A very low response bias is also recommended, so that a worst case analysis’ are not necessary and therefore will not show complete opposite results compared to the research.In this research, the response bias was 28 per cent. Another recommendation would be to make a connection between distraction and productivity for the respondents themselves. In this research, the respondents did not link distractions to their productivity (which can explain the divergent relation between distraction and productivity). When questions are formulated with the factors of distraction and productivity in one sentence, the link is automatically made for the respondents. Theorems for example like ‘when I am distracted by phonecalls, I feel like I can do less work’.Besides that all respondents report that they were very productive, even if they suffered from a lot of distraction. A solution for this self-respo nse bias, that often occurs in self-report surveys, is to involve the opinion of the manager of the respondents in the research as well. Because of time constraints this was not possible in this research, but it will be a good way to eliminate the self-response bias in future research. In previous research, many positive effects of teleworking on productivity were found. This research contradicts this and reveals a negative effect.Although the worst case analysis showed that there could be a positive effect, when the five missing respondents were very different from the ones obtained, the observed negative effect could also be an indication that there really is a negative relation between teleworking and productivity. In 1991 Hartman also claimed a negative correlation between teleworking and productivity. Because the research of Hartman also reported this negative effect, it could be true that teleworking has a negative impact on productivity.This would generate a new insight into the telework-productivity research, in which was assumed that teleworking increased productivity. In contradiction to earlier research on the effect of distraction on productivity, this research shows a slightly positive effect of distraction on productivity. The fact that more distraction leads to more productive employees seems contradictory, but interruptions are not necessarily bad. Little interruptions, for example, could provide a fresh new insight into someone’s work.Therefore the observed positive effect could be real and is interesting to further investigation. Because the observed effect is slightly positive and in the worst case analysis slightly negative, it could also be an indication that distraction has no effect on productivity. This is supported by the research of Lee and Brand, which indicated that there was no significant effect of perceived distractions on perceived performance. This finding could also contribute to the research on the effect of distractio n of productivity.In conclusion the findings of this research do not fully correspond to the main findings in the literature. This is actually very interesting because a new insight in the research on teleworking and productivity is generated. It can be questioned if the main findings in the literature are true. Maybe teleworking is not good for the productivity of employees and distractions are not as bad as everybody’s thinking. In order to do a replication research towards the effect of teleworking on productivity in the future a replication strategy is useful.The preferred replication strategy for the future is a longitudinal survey. The longitudinal survey enables the future researchers to measure the change in productivity that takes place at a later point in time when employees telework. In the longitudinal survey all members of a focal unit can be observed over time. Additional theoretical insight is advised in order to determine how much time should elapse between th e change in value of productivity and the subsequent change in the value of teleworking. * Appendix Appendix 1: Several definitions of Telework and/or Productivity | Author(s)| Definition of telework| Definitions of productivity| 1| Newman (1989)| Working home with the aid of computers, modems and facsimile machines. | | 2| Dubrin (1991) | Performing job-related work at a site away from the company, then electronically transferring the output to another location| | 3| Frolick, Wilkes, Urwiler (1993)| | The number of tasks effectively completed in a given timeframe| 4| Hartman, Stoner and Arora (1992) | Work arrangement where organizational employees regularly work at home or at a remote site one or more complete workdays a week instead of working in the office. Telework managers reported using ‘deadlines’ or ‘agreed upon deadlines’, and ‘on-time work and quality’ to manage and measure teleworker productivity. | 5| Nilles (1975)| Telework is any form of substitution of information technologies for work-related travel| | 6| Mokhtarian (1991)| Telework is defined as the use of telecommunications technology to partially or completely replace the commute to and from work. | | 7| Sing, Sheng, Higa (2000)| Telecommuting is the reduction of commuting distance by working home, in nontraditional satellite offices, in telecottages, or in neighborhood offices. | * Appendix 2: Self-report survey at TNT express. Onderzoek Het Nieuwe Werken bij TNT express. Voor onze bachelor thesis, onderdeel van de studie bedrijfskunde, doen wij onderzoek naar Het Nieuwe Werken bij TNT Express. Dit onderzoek is onderdeel van ons afstuderen aan de Erasmus Universiteit te Rotterdam. Voor ons onderzoek willen we graag uw medewerking vragen door middel van het invullen van een vragenlijst. Het invullen van de vragenlijst zal ongeveer 5 minuten duren. Deze vragenlijst is geheel anoniem. Alvast bedankt, Robin Kettenes, Boudewijn Schuitmaker en Marlot Sep __ ________________________________________________________________________ Het Nieuwe Werken is een breed begrip voor het tijd en plaats ongebonden werken, als gevolg van het gebruik van moderne communicatie technologieen. In ons onderzoek spitsen wij ons echter alleen toe op het plaatsongebonden werken. Het plaatsongebonden werken houdt in dat u zelf kunt bepalen waar u werkt. ___________________________________________________________________________ 1) Hoeveel uur werkt u over het algemeen per week? †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. uur 2) Heeft u de mogelijkheid om buiten  kantoor te werken? Ja Nee ) Hoeveel uur per week werkt u over het algemeen buiten uw kantoor ? †¦. †¦.. uur 4) Op welke plaatsen werkt u als u buiten uw vaste werkplek werkt? Thuis Onderweg Internet Cafe Elders 5) Waar vindt u het het prettigst om te werken? Op kantoor Buiten kantoor 6) Ik ben makkelijk afgeleid van mijn werk Nooit Soms Regelmatig Vaak Altijd 7) Ik word tijdens mijn werk afgeleid door geluid No oit Soms Regelmatig Vaak Altijd 8) Ik word tijdens mijn werk afgeleid door telefoontjes/e-mails/berichten etc. Nooit Soms Regelmatig Vaak Altijd 9) Ik word tijdens mijn werk afgeleid door collega’sNooit Soms Regelmatig Vaak Altijd 10) Ik word tijdens mijn werk afgeleid door andere factoren Nooit Soms Regelmatig Vaak Altijd 11) Ik zou de hoeveelheid werk dat ik kan opleveren werk beschrijven als Erg veel Erg weinig 12) Ik zou de kwaliteit van mijn werk beschrijven als: Erg goed Erg slecht 13) Ik heb mijn werk altijd op tijd af Helemaal juist Helemaal onjuist 14) Ik ben in staat meerdere taken tegelijk uit te voeren Helemaal juist Helemaal onjuist 15) Ik vind het erg fijn om op kantoor te werken Helemaal juist Helemaal onjuist 6) Ik vind het erg fijn om thuis te werken Helemaal juist Helemaal onjuist 17) Ik vind het prettig werk en prive gescheiden te houden Helemaal juist Helemaal onjuist 18) Het is makkelijk voor mij werk en prive gescheiden te houden als ik op kantoor werk H elemaal juist Helemaal onjuist 19) Kunt u een schatting geven van de verhouding tussen de tijd dat u op uw  op kantoor  werkt en de tijd dat u buiten  kantoor werkt? (Bijvoorbeeld; 40-60 / 50-50 ) †¦. / †¦. 20) Wat is u geslacht? Man Vrouw 21) Wat is u leeftijd? †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. jaar 22) Wat is u burgerlijke staat? AlleenstaandAlleenstaand met kinderen Getrouwd/samenwonend Getrouwd/samenwonend met kinderen Appendix 3: Detailed calculation of the degree of productivity and distraction Calculation: The Degree of Distraction|   |   | 3| 3| 4| 3| 3| 3. 2| 3| 4| 4| 4| 2| 3. 4| 2| 3| 3| 2| 2| 2. 4| 2| 2| 3| 3| 2| 2. 4| 2| 2| 3| 3| 2| 2. 4| 2| 2| 2| 3| 2| 2. 2| 2| 2| 3| 2| 2| 2. 2| 2| 2| 2| 2| 2| 2| 2| 2| 4| 2| 2| 2. 4| 4| 3| 3| 3| 3| 3. 2| 2| 2| 3| 2| 3| 2. 4| 3| 2| 2| 3| 2| 2. 4| 3| 2| 2| 3| 2| 2. 4| 3| 2| 3| 3| 2| 2. 6| 3| 2| 3| 2| 3| 2. 6| 4| 4| 3| 4| 4| 3. 8| 3| 2| 4| 2| 2| 2. 6| 2. 647059| 2. 11765| 3| 2. 705882| 2. 352941| 2. 623529| Calculation: The Degree of Pr oductivity|   | 4| 4| 3| 5| 4| 4| 5| 2| 4| 3. 75| 4| 4| 2| 4| 3. 5| 5| 4| 2| 4| 3. 75| 4| 4| 5| 5| 4. 5| 4| 4| 3| 5| 4| 3| 4| 4| 4| 3. 75| 4| 4| 3| 4| 3. 75| 4| 4| 2| 4| 3. 5| 4| 4| 4| 4| 4| 4| 4| 4| 4| 4| 3| 3| 3| 3| 3| 4| 4| 3| 4| 3. 75| 4| 4| 4| 4| 4| 4| 4| 3| 3| 3. 5| 4| 4| 4| 4| 4| 4| 5| 5| 5| 4. 75| 3. 941176| 4. 058824| 3. 294118| 4. 117647| 3. 852941| * Appendix 4: The SPSS Ouput Model Summaryb| Model| R| R Square| Adjusted R Square| Std. Error of the Estimate| 1| . 509a| . 259| -. 078| 1. 64400| a.Predictors: (Constant), SumDistr, Leeftijd, Status, MateTelewerk, Geslacht| b. Dependent Variable: SumProductiviteit| Coefficientsa| Model| Unstandardized Coefficients| Standardized Coefficients| t| Sig. | | B| Std. Error| Beta| | | 1| (Constant)| 10. 929| 3. 105| | 3. 519| . 005| | MateTelewerk| -1. 311| 1. 749| -. 212| -. 750| . 469| | Geslacht| . 288| 1. 177| . 071| . 244| . 811| | Leeftijd| -. 002| . 052| -. 013| -. 042| . 967| | Status| . 764| . 474| . 448| 1. 613| . 135| | SumDistr| . 188| . 193| . 287| . 972| . 352| a. Dependent Variable: SumProductiviteit| * BibliographyApgar, M. 1998, â€Å"The alternative workplace: changing where and how people work†, Harvard Business Review May- June, , pp. 121-136. Bailey, D. E. ; Kurland, N. B. 2002, â€Å"A review of telework research: findings, new directions, and lessons for the study of modern work†, Journal of Organizational Behavior, vol. 23, pp. 383-400. Bailyn, L. 1989, â€Å"Toward the perfect workplace†, Communications of the ACM, vol. 32, no. 4. Bailyn, L. 1988, â€Å"Freeing work from the constraints of location and time†, New technology, Work, and Employment, vol. 3, pp. 143-165. Baruch, Y. 2000, â€Å"Teleworking: benefits nd pitfalls as perceived by professionals and managers†, New Technology, Work and Employment, vol. 15, no. 1, pp. 35-49 Bongsik, S. , Sheng, O. ; Higa, K. 2000, â€Å"Telework: Existing Research and Future Directions†, Journal of Organ izational Computing and Electronic Commerce, vol. 10, no. 2, pp. 85-101. Butler, K. M. 2011, â€Å"Teleworkers confess biggest at-home distractions†, Editor in Chief, employee benefit news, . Calnan, C. 2002, August 6-last update, AT;T Telework Survey Indicates Productivity Is Up; Technology Barriers Force Some Teleworkers to Return to the Office PR [Homepage of AT;T inc. , [Online]. Available: http://www. csrwire. com/press_releases/26871-AT-T-Telework-Survey-Indicates-Productivity-is-Up [2012, 3/5]. Cassiani, L. 2000, â€Å"Teleworkers happy but no more productive†, Canadian HR Reporter, vol. 13, no. 19, pp. 2. Di Martino ; Wirth. 1990, â€Å"A new way of working and living†, International Labour review, vol. 129, no. 5, pp. 529-553. Dubrin, J. 1991, â€Å"Comparison Of The Job Satisfaction and Productivity of Telecommuters versus House Employees: A Research Note on Work in Progress†, Psychological Reports, vol. 68, pp. 1223-1234. Fonner, K. L. ; Roloff , M.E. 2010 â€Å" Why Teleworkers are More Satisfied with Their Jobs than are Office-Based Workers: When Less Contact is Beneficial†, Journal of Applied Communication Research Publication Frolick, M. N. , Wilkes, R. B. ; Urwiler, R. 1993, â€Å"Telecommuting as a workplace alternative: an identification of significant factors in American firms’ determination of work-at-home policies†, Management Information Systems and Decision Sciences, . Gordon, G. E. 1997, , The Last Word on Productivity and Telecommuting [Homepage of Gil Gordon Associates], [Online]. Available: http://www. gilgordon. om/downloads/productivity. txt [2012, 3/5]. Hak, T. 2011, How to design and conduct an empirical test of a business theory 3rd edn, Erasmus University, Rotterdam. Hamilton, C. 1987, † Telecommuting†, Personal Journal, , pp. 90-101. Harpaz, I. 2002, â€Å"Advantages and disadvantages of telecommuting for individual, organizational and society†, Workstudy, vol. 51, no. 2. Hartman, R. I. ; Stoner, C. R ; Arora, R. 1991, â€Å"An investigation on selected variables affecting telecommuting productivity and satisfaction, Journal of Business and Psychology, vol. 6, no. 2 Hartman, R.I. ; Stoner, C. R. ; Arora, R. 1992, â€Å"Developing successful organizational telecommuting arrangements: worker perceptions and managerial descriptions, S. A. M. Advanced Management Journal, vol. 57, no. 3, pp. 35. Lee, S. Y. ; Brand, J. L. 2005, â€Å"Effects of control over office workspace on perceptions of the work environment and work outcomes†, Journal of Environmental Psychology, vol. 25, pp: 323-333. Lee, S. Y. ; Brand, J. L. 2010, Can personal control over the physical environment ease distractions in office? , Ergonomics, vol 53, no 3, pp. 24-335 Madsen, S. 2003, â€Å"The Benefits, Challenges, and Implications of Teleworking â€Å", Literature Review, vol. 9. McKee, K. 1988, â€Å"Setting Up Work At Home†, Personal Administrator, vol. 33, no. 12, pp. 58-62. Moody, H. G. 1986, â€Å"Homework†, Information Strategy: The Executive’s Journal, , pp. 20-23. Neufeld, D. J. ; Fang, Y. 2005, â€Å"Individual, Social and Situational Determinants of Telecommuter Productivity†, Information ; Management, vol. 42, pp. 1037–1049. Newman, S. 1989, â€Å"Telecommuters Bring the Office Home†, Management Review, vol. 78, no. 12, pp. 40. Nilles, J.M. 1988, â€Å"Traffic reduction by telecommuting: a status review and selected bibliography†, Transportation, Research A, vol. 22, no. 4, pp. 301-317. Olson, M. 1989, â€Å"Work at Home for Computer Professionals: Current Attitudes and Future Prospects†, ACM Transactions on Office Information Systems, vol. 7, pp. 317-338. Olson, M. 1982, New Information Technology and Organizational Culture, Leonard N. Stem School of Business, New York. Pearlson, K. E. ; Saunders, C. S. 2001, â€Å"There's No Place like Home: Managing Telecommuting Parado xes† The Academy of Management Executive, vol. 5, no. 2, pp 117-128 Spira, J. 2007, From knowledge to distraction, KM World 16, pp. 1-32 Telework Research Network, The latest telecommuting statistics2011, [Homepage of Telework Research Network], [Online]. Available: http://www. teleworkresearchnetwork. com/research/people-telecommute [2011, 3/5]. Thompson, S. H. & Vivien, K. G. 1998, â€Å"Factorial dimensions and differential effects of gender on perceptions of teleworking†, Gender in Management, vol. 13, no. 7, pp. 253-263. Wilson, 2004, â€Å"Gender and teleworking identities in the risk society: a